Choose an exam and explore concepts through visual explanations, topic maps and revision checks. Open the full chapter notes whenever you need more detail.
THE VISUAL LEARNING STUDIO
See the idea. Understand the connection.
35 visual explanations across 29 chapters, with topic maps throughout the library.
The chapter index will grow as additional notes are prepared. Chapters shown here are a learning collection, not a claim that the entire exam syllabus is complete.
SEE IT. CONNECT IT. EXPLAIN IT.
Understand the chapter visually
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Study the expanded notes and the credited detailed textbook lessons. The current chapter index covers core topics; it is not a claim of exhaustive coverage of every examination syllabus. Check the official syllabus and primary references.
Profit and Loss — lesson overview
Bases and definitions
Cost price is the acquisition cost under the question’s convention; selling price is the sale amount. Profit = selling price − cost price.
Profit percentage normally uses cost price as base, while a discount percentage uses marked price unless stated otherwise.
The same rupee difference can represent different percentages when the denominator changes. Always identify the base explicitly.
Markup and discount
If cost price is ₹800 and markup is 25%, marked price is ₹1,000. A 10% discount then gives selling price ₹900.
Profit is ₹100, so profit percentage is 100/800×100=12.5%, not 15%. Markup and discount are successive changes on different bases.
For a required selling price S after discount d%, marked price is S/(1−d/100), provided d<100.
Combined transactions
Total profit percentage across transactions uses total profit divided by total cost, not always the simple average of separate percentages.
Equal selling prices do not imply equal costs. Equal profit and loss percentages on equal selling prices can produce a net loss.
For two items sold at ₹120 each, with one gaining 20% and the other losing 20%, costs are ₹100 and ₹150: total loss ₹10.
